Which agreement signed on November 21, 1990 formalized the Helsinki Accords and created the OSCE?

• A. Paris Peace Accords (1973)
• B. Pentagon Papers
• C. Paris Charter (1990)
• D. Palomares incident (1966)

Answer: (C)

The agreement signed on November 21, 1990 that formalized the Helsinki Accords and created the OSCE is the Paris Charter for a New Europe. The Helsinki Accords of 1975 established a framework of cooperation and principles—including respect for human rights, territorial integrity, and peaceful dispute settlement—among European nations and representing blocs. The Paris Charter built on that foundation by turning the Helsinki framework into a permanent organizational structure, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, enabling ongoing cooperation and dialogue. This charter thus solidified the Helsinki commitments into a standing body with a formal mission and mechanism for cooperation across security, human rights, and economics. The other items listed relate to different events and issues, not to the establishment of the OSCE or the reaffirmation of the Helsinki Accords.